A thesis on the future of interaction

Human–Computer Interaction is dead.

Human–to–Human Interaction is the future in the age of AI.
By Sarit Arora & Shashank Khanna
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For decades, HCI has been the cornerstone of how we design technology. We optimized screens, keyboards, mice, touch, gestures, and interfaces. We obsessed over usability, affordances, and pixels.

But in the age of AI, that framing is collapsing.

The computer is no longer the center of the interaction. What replaces it is something far more fundamental: human–to–human interaction, mediated and amplified by AI.

And paradoxically, the technology that enables this future will feel simpler than anything we've built before.

i

The Arc of Human Progress

Human evolution—technological and cultural—follows a consistent pattern.

What once felt difficult becomes easy
What once felt magical becomes mundane
What once defined an era becomes "vintage"
Click each era to see the pattern
1995
Newspapers & Classifieds
Craigslist & the Web

A single website with no design replaced an entire industry. The classified ad—a $100B business—was replaced by a free listing page. What mattered wasn't the format, but the connection between people.

2005
Bookshops & Browsing
Amazon & Recommendation

Amazon didn't just sell books online—it learned what you wanted to read next. The store vanished; the relationship deepened. "Customers who bought this" was an early glimpse of AI mediating human taste.

2015
E-Commerce & Transactions
Experience & Understanding

Buying became so effortless it became invisible. One-click ordering, free returns, same-day delivery. The transaction disappeared. What remained? How well the brand understands you.

2025
Apps, Interfaces & Screens
AI-Mediated Human Connection

The interface is collapsing just as the newspaper did. You won't open an app—you'll speak, think, gesture. The technology will be so embedded in human interaction that it vanishes entirely.

Today, what matters isn't the transaction—it's the experience around it. You choose brands not because of inventory, but because of how well they understand you.

ii

The Real Power of Big Tech Isn't Technology

Technology always commoditizes. Their true advantage is the resolution at which they know humans.

Drag to increase human resolution
Low resolution High resolution
context: anonymous user · no history · no location
Here are 10 popular restaurants near you.
Awareness

If you know what I want, you can help me.

Anticipation

If you know what I need before I do, you can guide me.

Context

If you know my context, you can remove friction I didn't even articulate.

Human attention remains the most valuable commodity on earth. And whoever understands humans best will continue to win.

iii

From Software Products to Living Systems

We're entering an era where software is no longer handcrafted line by line by a few elite builders. Software now writes itself, improves through usage, learns from collective behavior, and reinforces its own evolution.

This is why today feels like a "wild west" phase—experimentation everywhere, instability everywhere—but the gatekeepers still matter. Not because of apps. Not because of features. But because of infrastructure, memory, and context.

iv

The Memory Layer Is the New Differentiator

Large Language Models are already commoditizing. Compute will commoditize. APIs will commoditize.

What won't commoditize is memory, context, and continuity of identity.

Interactive — Same question, two different humans
How should I invest my savings?
A 24-year-old founder
A 58-year-old teacher
memory: age 24 · building a startup · high risk tolerance
context: just closed a seed round · $40K personal savings
history: asked about startup equity last week
You're early in your career with a high risk tolerance and a startup runway to protect. Consider keeping 6 months of expenses liquid, then look at index funds for the rest. Your biggest asset right now is your equity—don't dilute your personal savings chasing the same risk.
memory: age 58 · public school teacher · retiring in 7 years
context: pension + $180K in 403(b) · spouse has separate retirement
history: asked about healthcare costs in retirement last month
With retirement 7 years out, you'll want to gradually shift toward more conservative allocations. Your pension gives you a stable base—consider whether your 403(b) is too heavily weighted in equities. Also, given your recent questions about healthcare costs, a Health Savings Account might be worth exploring before you retire.
v

Verticals Collapse Into a Horizontal Human Layer

Today's AI products feel vertical—writing tools, coding tools, search tools, learning tools. But this is temporary.

Toggle to see the shift
Writing
Coding
Search
Learning
You
Memory
Knows your history, preferences, context
Intelligence
Writes, codes, searches, teaches—fluidly
Trust
Earned over time, not per app
Infrastructure
One platform, not a thousand silos

The endgame is not thousands of vertical apps. The endgame is a horizontal human layer that spans everything. Ecosystems get kickstarted by giants—but breakthroughs often come from the edges.

vi

Humans Become the Interface

The device of the future is not a screen. The device of the future is the human.

Voice
Microphones
Speech
Speakers
Perception
Sensors
Movement
Actuators
Feeling
Emotional bandwidth
Awareness
Contextual

No external device comes close. AI doesn't replace humans—it augments them. Software no longer runs on devices. Software runs through humans.

vii

Human as a Device, Human as a Platform

Each human has a biological operating system, a learned behavioral system, and soon, a virtual operating layer. That virtual layer doesn't overwrite who you are—it amplifies you.

Tap each to see what amplification looks like in practice
Think faster
Before
A doctor reviews 200 pages of patient history, cross-referencing symptoms across years of records. It takes 45 minutes before the appointment even begins.
Amplified
The AI surfaces the three most relevant patterns from the full history in seconds. The doctor spends 45 minutes on the patient, not the paperwork.
The human still thinks. The AI removes the friction between question and understanding.
See patterns earlier
Before
A product manager notices churn is rising. They pull reports from three tools, build a spreadsheet, and spot the root cause two weeks later.
Amplified
The system notices the pattern the moment it forms: "Users from Campaign B are dropping off 3× faster at step 4." The PM acts the same day.
The human still decides what to do. The AI collapses the delay between signal and awareness.
Communicate more clearly
Before
An engineer in Tokyo and a designer in São Paulo struggle through a video call. Language gaps, cultural nuance, lost meaning. The spec is misunderstood.
Amplified
The AI translates in real-time—not just language, but intent. It adapts communication style to each person's preferences. The spec arrives clear and accurate.
The humans still connect. The AI removes every barrier between their meaning and their words.
Be present in multiple places at once
Before
A CEO misses three overlapping meetings. They read summaries later, but the context—tone, hesitation, enthusiasm—is gone forever.
Amplified
A contextual AI agent attends on their behalf—not as a bot, but as a representation that knows their views, priorities, and decision patterns. It participates, flags what needs them, and briefs with full emotional context.
Science fiction called this cloning consciousness. Reality calls it distributed presence. You remain the source.
viii

Why HCI Collapses

Human–Computer Interaction assumes a computer exists, a human adapts to it, and design bridges the gap. But in this future, that gap disappears. There is no "computer" to learn. There is no interface to master. Technology fades into the background.

Interacting with machines
Interacting through machines
Interacting as augmented humans
The New Thesis

Human–Computer Interaction is dead.

Human–to–Human Interaction is the future. AI is the invisible layer that makes it possible.

The most successful technologies of the next decade will not feel technological at all. They will feel intuitive, personal, anticipatory—almost human.

And that is not the end of design. That is design returning to its original purpose: expanding what it means to be human.